After my last update, I used a VPN in GCP's us-south1 location. I didn't see any localized results from that area.
On December 8, I switched to using a VPN in Hetzner's Ashburn, Virginia location. I didn't notice any localized results at first. However, I just tried the search links shared by @beetstabasco and noticed the results contain pages that are relevant to the Washington DC area.
Ashburn is about 30 miles away from DC, so I think the same problem is happening again for me. I did travel to DC for a week Nov 4–12, but I didn't start using the Ashburn IP address until Dec 8. Either because I'm using an IP address near DC, and/or because of my travels to DC (despite having cleared cookies), Google thinks I'm in DC. Either way, it seems Google is tracking me through Kagi and that is creepy as hell.
Can you explain this? I really would prefer that Google doesn't know my IP address when using Kagi, and I would prefer Kagi's results not contain results related to locations I traveled.
Here's what I see at the bottom of a google search page:
Here's the Kagi search results containing DC-related pages after following @beetstabasco's search links:
Search for "docker macos change bridge network"
Search for "spring boot filters":